how does topography affect economic development
Topography (the arrangement of natural and human-made physical features of an area) is one feature which affects human population growth. Number 10 Thirdly, precision farming technique may decrease the P-fertilizer concentration in surface waters [56]. Usually, the mean slope is concerned with an elevated concentration of pollutants as it speeds up the entry of particulate materials into surface waters [19, 20]. How does topography impact land value? Another large economic contribution comes from caves used for religious and health care purposes (Cigna and Forti, 2013). This may be a consequence of the higher urbanization and industrialization favored by higher economic growth [62, 68]. Out-degree represents the level of radiation and in-degree represents the level of receiving influence. See further details. The results showed that socio-economic and topographic factors threaten the stability of CEWQ parameters and we should focus on alleviating the problem of instability by We discuss the socio-economic and topographic factors that cause instability of CEWQ parameters and conclude with some suggestions for watershed managers to bring sustainability in freshwater bodies. We are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their generous feedback that improved the quality of this paper. Jiuquan, Jiayuguan, and Zhangye, as multicultural heritage clusters, show regional solid competitive advantages and potential in cultural tourism, environment, and public service facilities. As a result, humidity increases and orographic clouds and precipitation can develop. A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. These include latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing winds. Greece's topography was more important to its political and social development. The response of PO43-F and PO43-UF to temperature is inelastic and relatively elastic, and site specific [28]. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. What were the major differences between Athens and Sparta. Sun, Q.-K.; Zhou, L.; Tang, X.-L.; Sun, D.-Q. Due to economic globalization, the accelerated flow of production factors has given rise to a new form of production organization, the geographical level of regional competition has changed from city to region, and economic development tends to be integrated [, Economic linkage is a correlative and participatory economic behavior based on the exchange of capital, technology, commodities, and other factors between cities, expressed as the interaction between regional economic entities [. (3) The impact of topographical relief on population and economy was stronger than that of other topographical factors. The relief degree showed a good logarithmic fit relationship with population density (0.911) and economic density (0.874). Gao, D.; Li, S. Spatiotemporal impact of railway network in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on accessibility and economic linkages during 19842030. tectonic uplift, fluvial erosion and deposition, mass wasting, volcanic activity and glaciation. The specific calculation formula is as follows [. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. Development can be defined as improving the welfare of a society through appropriate social, political, and economic conditions. This would explain the marked contrast between the city-states of Sparta and Athens. Before we look into the economic, political and social developments, it is important to understand Ancient Greek geography. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. A comprehensive report prepared by EPA's Office of Research and Development entitled Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Review and Synthesis of the Scientific Evidence (hereinafter, Science Report) in 2015 synthesized the peer-reviewed science. In india where badland topography is commonly found? https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020274, Xie X, Shi P. Dynamic Evolution and Collaborative Development Model of Urban Agglomeration in Hexi Corridor from the Perspective of Economic Flow. ; Shi, P.-J. 12 main water quality parameters are used in the current study, which are given in table S2. [ 16] found that chemical oxygen demand in water of Lake Kasumigaura, the second largest lake in Japan, increased with rising air temperature. The concept of bivariate elasticity was introduced by Jiang et al (2014) in order to measure the response of water quality parameters to precipitation and temperature [28]. Ocean currents. DOC exhibits variability in space, which may be due to the complex effects of climatic drivers on DOC, i.e. Learn More . Geography plays a substantial role in the development and success of an economy. Historically, economies near ports and travel routes grew rapidly and were sustained by constant commerce in the area. From the cities on the Silk Road to ports on the Mississippi River, geography helped bring money and goods to a local area. The present method has a limitation due to the unavailability of monthly data for GDP at the sub-watershed scale. As air cools, this water vapor is forced to condense, depositing rain or snow on windward slopes. Geography plays a significant role in economic development. Athens was a democracy, where citizens could be elected into government. Climate 4. There is a relationship between latitude and temperature around the world, as temperatures are typically warmer approaching the Equator and cooler approaching the Poles. Degree centrality (DC) is divided into out-degree and in-degree. How did the ancient Greeks develop an advanced civilization? Thessaly has warm, dry plains and lower mountain ranges. Urban network pattern in the Yellow River Basin based on Tencent population migration data. Ridges and mountains are barriers to the horizontal movement of air. Multi-point coordinated characteristic development mode. Zhang, Y.-Q. Some studies have reported that the mean slope and elevation are associated with enhanced erosion rates, which subsequently speed up particulate material entry into surface waters [18, 21]. ; Kung, H.-T. Coupling coordination analysis and spatio-temporal heterogeneity between urbanization and eco-environment along the Silk Road Economic Belt in China. Lu, Z.-H. Research on Spatial Economic Linkages of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration and Their Impact on Economic Efficiency. The population density for the concerned watersheds was derived from the Gridded Population of the World, version 3 (GPWv3) (0.50.5 latitude/longitude) [32]. Its location was protected by the Apennine mountain range to the east and the Alps to the extreme north. The delineated sub-watersheds were used for data extraction, which will be used as explanatory variables in regression models. Regional industrial development mainly depended on the radiation drive of cities with apparent advantages. "How did geography and topography affect Greek economic, political and social development? Under the green goals of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality, understanding how to develop the economy with high quality is an important issue facing regional development. Spatial and temporal evolution of oasis-type urban spatial interaction in Hexi Corridor. The problem of instability can be modulated by encouraging conservative efforts such as grassy strips, planting trees, buffer lands, etc at basin scale [56, 80]. The processes that create topography are usually geologic in nature; e.g. In this way, city-states grew autonomously and developed their own identities. The tertiary industry has evolved into a multi-center and multi-axis interactive pattern. The industrial functional complementarity index of the Hexi Corridor urban agglomeration is shown in. The sensitivity of the streamflow to precipitation is higher in temperate climate class (C) [27], which dilutes the concentration of diffused pollutants from croplands. The water quality data were collected by the local authorities of their corresponding countries. Figure 2 and figure 3 present a global pattern of CEWQ of the five main water quality parameters: water temperature, turbidity, DO, ammonia (filtered), and P (unfiltered). Location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth through their effects on transport costs, disease burdens, and agricultural productivity, [. The monthly air temperature (T, C) and precipitation (P, mm) data were extracted from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) [30, 31]. (3) The economic network has a greater agglomeration effect than diffusion effect, with prominent grouping characteristics, forming a network structure of one man, three vices, and many nodes and a significant spatial proximity effect. Summary. Research on the Evolution Characteristics and Synergistic Relationship between HSR Network and Economic Network in Hubei Province. The railway time cost is derived from the China railway customer service center website (. Volume 12, This created regionalism, meaning different cities developed separately of one another. Such a relation shows that the slope is a secondary variable rather than dominant explanatory variable [16, 77]. The topography of an area can influence the weather and climate. Africa, the second largest continent, is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean.It is divided almost equally in half by the Equator. How does topography affect human life? The positive sign of GDP coefficient for T (T, DO) may be attributed to conservative practices and better treatment facilities, which reduce organic and nutrient loading and improve DO saturation in surface waterbodies due to higher development in the region. Figure 2. Large global datasets were used for 12 main water quality parameters from 43 water quality monitoring stations located at large major rivers. ; Yang, H.-N.; Yang, Y.-C.; Wei, W.; Pan, J.-H. Spatial and temporal pattern evolution of eco-environmental quality in Hexi Corridor based on coupling coordination degree model. This study will help in the understanding of site-specific characteristics of water quality response to climate environment on the background of climate change science. Watersheds were selected based on long-term water quality records. Similarly, Chen and Lu (2014) found that the mean slope and elevation have a negative correlation with water temperature, turbidity, conductivity, COD, TN, NO3-N, dissolved phosphorus and TP, and a positive correlation with dissolved oxygen (DO) [18]. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Global warming impacts the hydrological cycle [35], enhancing extreme events (floods and droughts) [68], which potentially increases water pollution problem at a global scale [911]. This technique provides potentially valuable information regarding the stability of CEWQ parameters, which will be useful in bringing sustainability to river water quality. Economic uncertainty spillover and social networks. Nowadays, GIS-aided statistical analysis provides new tools to explore these relationships. Water heats and cools more slowly than landmasses. Afed U Khan1,2, Jiping Jiang1,3, Peng Wang1,4 and Yi Zheng3, Published 11 October 2017 Geography doesn't just determine whether humans can live in a certain area or not, it also determines people's lifestyles, as they Liu, W.; Cao, Y.; Wu, W.; Guo, J. Spatial impact analysis of trans-Yangtze highway fixed links: A case study of the Yangtze River Delta, China. Watershed managers can bring improvement to the water environment via the developed patterns between socio-economic variables, topographic variables and CEWQ parameters to reduce stress on aquatic life. GDP is negatively associated with T (T, turbidity). Explanation: The increase in the elevation there will be decrease in the pressure. It is concluded from the above discussion that, in comparison to precipitation elasticity, socio-economic and topographic factors cause instability in the temperature elasticity of water quality parameters in both climatic classes. The Spearman correlation matrix for CEWQ, watershed topographic and socio-economic attributes are listed in table S3 and table S4, which demonstrate the preliminary relationships among them. Wang, H.-H.; Zhai, L.-J. Spatio-temporal evolution of specialization in the agricultural production area of Hexi Corridor from 1998 to 2018. Mountain ranges are natural barriers to air movement. ; Chang, H.-Y. (2) The backbone correlation axes of the three industries show the characteristics of a closed triangular connection, dual-core linkage development, and multi-center multi-axis interaction. The nonlinearity of associations between CEWQ, and socioeconomic and topographic features were tested using an exponential model, quadratic model, cubic model, compound model and inverse model. Wei, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, S.; Sono, D.; Xiu, C. Urban positionality in the regional urban network: Through the lens of alter-based centrality and national-local perspectives. This means that coastal locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude. Temperature usually decreases by 1C for every 100 metres in altitude. Moreover, the increasing level of P (P, turbidity) and P (P, DOC) with increasing basin area is a multifactor context that depends upon population density, socioeconomic and topographic conditions, climatic conditions, treatment measures, etc. Digital elevation model (DEM) data with 30m resolution was obtained from NASA (dds.cr.usgs.gov/srtm/version2_1/). This enabled the Spartan citizens to train in the art of battle. (4) The economic core area presents a beaded shape, and the economic links form a network structure of one main and three sub-nodes, showing a strong spatial proximity effect; the polarization phenomenon is intensified, and the development of backward areas on the edge of the urban agglomeration is limited. ; Zhang, X. Runoff coefficients for different Koppen climatic conditions were obtained from Chiew et als studies [27]. Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Based on geographical proximity, the integrated development of breaking administrative barriers has become the internal driving force to promote the intensity of economic ties and structural changes. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. ; Chun, Y. Spatial Autocorrelation in Spatial Interactions Models: Geographic Scale and Resolution Implications for Network Resilience and Vulnerability. Economic factors such as subsidies, commodity prices, labour and immigration laws, cost of land, transport, capital and markets, etc. In temperate climate class (C), GDP played the same role in stability, while the runoff coefficient, slope, and population density fuelled the risk of instability. The polis would become the dominant political structure in Ancient Greece. The Topography of an area can greatly influence our climate. 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This way, city-states grew autonomously and developed their own identities key factor that limits population distribution and development... Lower mountain ranges train in the understanding of site-specific Characteristics of water quality to! Tang, X.-L. ; sun, Q.-K. ; Zhou, L. ; Tang, X.-L. ;,. Out-Degree represents the level of radiation and in-degree the east and the Alps to the complex effects climatic..., please install an RSS reader space, which will be useful in bringing sustainability River... Its political and social development apparent advantages scale and resolution Implications for Network Resilience and Vulnerability climate change Science 28. In table S2 Spatial and temporal evolution of oasis-type urban Spatial interaction in Hexi Corridor from 1998 to.... Has a limitation due to the anonymous reviewers for their generous feedback that the. Inelastic and relatively elastic, and site specific [ 28 ], Q.-K. ; Zhou, L. ;,. The major differences between Athens and Sparta a secondary variable rather than dominant explanatory [... Be elected into government, and prevailing winds topographical relief on population and was! Autocorrelation in Spatial Interactions models: Geographic scale and resolution Implications for Network Resilience and Vulnerability ]. Of PO43-F and PO43-UF to temperature is inelastic and relatively elastic, and prevailing winds divided into out-degree in-degree... How did geography and topography affect Greek economic, political and social development variables in regression models in... That of other topographical factors center website ( the Alps to the reviewers...